EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND THEORETICAL RESEARCH
The European International Journal of Applied Sciences and Theoretical Research (ISSN-E: 2885-6572) is a multidisciplinary, open-access academic journal. It focuses on providing a platform for researchers to publish both empirical and theoretical work across a wide array of scientific fields. Below is a breakdown of the key details regarding this journal: Aims and Scope The journal serves as an international forum for the exchange of knowledge. It typically covers a broad spectrum of disciplines, including but not limited to: Applied Sciences: Engineering, Agriculture, Environmental Studies, and Technology. Theoretical Research: Mathematics, Physics, and Conceptual Frameworks. Social & Educational Sciences: Economics, Management, Education, and Law.
BEYOND STEREOTYPES: REIMAGINING GENDER IN TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY CHILDREN'S GRAPHIC NOVELS
This article explores the transformation of gender representation in twenty-first-century children's graphic novels, emphasizing the shift from traditional gender stereotypes to more inclusive and diverse portrayals of identity. Drawing on contemporary literary criticism, gender studies, and multimodal discourse analysis, the study examines how visual and textual elements work together to construct gender roles, challenge conventional norms, and promote equality among young readers. A comparative analysis of selected children's graphic novels reveals that recent works increasingly feature characters with diverse identities, balanced gender roles, and narratives that encourage empathy, respect, and social inclusion. The findings suggest that children's graphic novels have evolved into influential educational and cultural tools that not only entertain but also shape children's understanding of gender, diversity, and identity in modern society. The study contributes to the growing body of research on children's literature by highlighting the significance of graphic novels in fostering inclusive values and reducing gender bias among young audiences.
children's graphic novels, gender representation, gender stereotypes, gender inclusivity, multimodal analysis, children's literature, visual storytelling, gender identity, diversity, equality.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATEHOOD, SCIENCE, AND CULTURE IN MEDIEVAL UZBEKISTAN: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
This article examines the political, economic, scientific, and cultural development of medieval Uzbekistan from the ninth to the sixteenth centuries. The study analyzes the historical role of major dynasties, including the Samanids, Qarakhanids, Khwarazmshahs, Timurids, and Shaybanids, in shaping statehood, strengthening governance, promoting science, and fostering cultural prosperity. Particular attention is paid to the contribution of medieval cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, and Termez, which became prominent centers of education, commerce, and intellectual activity. The research also explores the influence of the Great Silk Road on urbanization, intercultural dialogue, and economic development. Medieval Uzbekistan produced numerous world-renowned scholars whose achievements significantly influenced the advancement of mathematics, astronomy, medicine, geography, philosophy, and literature. Their scientific legacy remains an essential component of global civilization.
Medieval Uzbekistan, Central Asia, statehood, Silk Road, Samanids, Timurids, Islamic civilization, science, culture, historical heritage.
ARTISTIC INTERPRETATION OF THE INTELLECTUAL FIGURE IN UZBEK JADID LITERATURE
This article analyzes the works of prominent representatives of Uzbek Jadid literature, one of the most significant periods in the history of Uzbek literature. It comparatively examines the social realities and the images of intellectuals depicted in these works. The artistic features of the writings of Jadid authors such as Mahmudhoja Behbudiy, Hamza Hakimzoda, Fitrat, and Cho‘lpon are interpreted from a theoretical literary perspective.
Jadid literature, social consciousness, image of the intellectual, national identity, enlightenment, traditional and modern intellectuals, artistic characterization.
THE ROLE AND METHODOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY
. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the history of philosophy, its role in societal development, and its methodological significance. It highlights philosophy's role in advancing human thought, forming logical and critical thinking skills, and systematizing the process of scientific cognition. Furthermore, the article substantiates philosophy's contribution to fostering an environment of spiritual growth, sustainable development, and innovative thinking within society.
philosophy, methodology, thought, society, development, worldview, scientific cognition, critical thinking, spiritual development, globalization, innovative approach, social reality.
THE FORMATION AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the philosophical essence of the worldview concept, its place in human thought and spiritual life, and its historical stages of formation. It also elucidates the role of the philosophical worldview in developing an individual's independent, critical, and analytical thinking skills, ensuring spiritual maturity, and understanding complex social processes in the context of modern globalization. The research findings indicate that a philosophical worldview serves as an essential theoretical foundation for enhancing human intellectual potential and determining sustainable paths for societal development.
worldview, philosophy, philosophical worldview, mythology, religion, thought, spirituality, spiritual maturity, globalization, social development, critical thinking.
SPIRITUAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE RENAISSANCE AND THE PHILOSOPHICAL-THEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NICHOLAS OF CUSA'S WORLDVIEW
This article examines the distinctive features of the spiritual environment that emerged in Europe during the Renaissance and analyzes the philosophical and theological views of one of the most prominent thinkers of the period, Nicholas of Cusa. The study highlights the role of humanistic ideas, the revival of interest in classical antiquity, the criticism of scholastic thought, and the development of science in shaping the worldview of Nicholas of Cusa. Particular attention is paid to his concept of learned ignorance, his understanding of the relationship between God and the universe, and the interaction between philosophy and theology.
Renaissance, humanism, spiritual environment, Nicholas of Cusa, philosophy, theology, learned ignorance, scholasticism, anthropocentrism, metaphysics.
THE STUDY OF IDIOMATIC COMPOUNDS IN THE LINGUO-COGNITIVE ASPECT: EVIDENCE FROM ENGLISH AND UZBEK
This article investigates idiomatic compounds in English and Uzbek from a linguo-cognitive perspective. Idiomatic compounds are understood as complex lexical formations whose meanings are not fully predictable from the meanings of their individual components, yet remain conceptually motivated through metaphor, metonymy, embodiment, categorization, and conceptual blending. The study is grounded in cognitive linguistics and phraseology, where language is viewed as a symbolic system reflecting human conceptualization, cultural experience, and conventionalized patterns of meaning. The research addresses a gap in contrastive linguistic studies, since idiomatic compounds have rarely been examined as a separate object of analysis in English-Uzbek comparison. While idioms and figurative expressions have been widely studied, compound-based idiomatic units require more systematic attention, especially in relation to cultural semantics and cognitive mechanisms. The methodology is based on comparative lexical-semantic analysis. Idiomatic compounds are selected from English and Uzbek lexicographic and corpus-informed sources and analyzed according to their structural type, degree of idiomaticity, cognitive mechanism, source domain, target domain, evaluative meaning, and cultural anchoring. The study shows that metaphor is one of the leading mechanisms in the formation of idiomatic compound meaning, while metonymy and conceptual blending also play an important role. English idiomatic compounds tend to express social categorization and person-typing, whereas Uzbek idiomatic compounds frequently rely on body-part imagery, color symbolism, and moral evaluation. The findings suggest that idiomatic compounds should not be treated as arbitrary lexical exceptions, but as culturally embedded conceptual compressions. The proposed framework may be useful for cognitive linguistics, contrastive phraseology, bilingual lexicography, translation studies, language pedagogy, and figurative-language processing in multilingual contexts.
idiomatic compounds, cognitive linguistics, metaphor, metonymy, conceptual blending, phraseology, English, Uzbek, cultural semantics, embodiment.
THE INTERRELATION OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE: THE NOTION OF GESTALT
The article examines the interrelation of language and culture as a central problem of modern humanitarian knowledge and traces the role of the gestalt as an analytical unit within this problematic field. The paper outlines the historical-theoretical foundations of the language-culture nexus from the Humboldtian tradition through Sapir to contemporary linguoculturology and cognitive linguistics, demonstrates how the originally Gestaltist principle of holistic perception has been adopted and reinterpreted in linguistic theory, and shows that the notion of the gestalt provides an effective conceptual tool for the description of culturally specific holistic structures of meaning. Particular attention is paid to the function of the gestalt in the structure of the linguistic personality and to its potential for contrastive analysis. The findings argue for the productive integration of the gestalt approach into the methodological apparatus of contemporary comparative linguoculturology.
language and culture, linguoculturology, gestalt, linguistic worldview, cognitive linguistics, linguistic personality, conceptual metaphor, holistic meaning, contrastive linguistics.
LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF SPEECH BEHAVIOR OF RUSSIAN-UZBEK BILINGUALS
Abstract. The article examines the linguocultural specificity of speech behavior of Russian-Uzbek bilinguals as a phenomenon situated at the intersection of two language systems and two cultural codes. The author argues that bilingual speech behavior cannot be adequately described through grammatical or lexical interference alone: it represents a synthesis of value orientations, communicative norms and culturally conditioned models of interaction inherited from both contact cultures. The paper outlines the conceptual framework of contrastive linguoculturology, introduces the notion of the culturogenderema as a unit of cultural-linguistic analysis, and identifies the principal domains in which Russian-Uzbek bilingual speech behavior manifests culturally specific features: forms of address, greeting and farewell formulas, strategies of politeness, expression of respect, family and gender-marked communication, and pragmatic code-switching. The findings contribute to the comparative study of speech etiquette in conditions of stable mass bilingualism in Uzbekistan.
Keywords: linguoculturology, bilingualism, speech behavior, Russian-Uzbek bilinguals, speech etiquette, culturogenderema, code-switching, politeness, contrastive linguistics, intercultural communication.
STUDENTS' INDEPENDENT LEARNING ACTIVITIES IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
The article analyzes the structural-semantic classification of complex sentences in comparison with the concepts of Russian linguists. Based on the comparison conducted, it is concluded that this classification is effective for the syntactic section of Russian grammar. Structural-semantic classification, rational application in modern syntactic theories.
Complex sentence, syntax of a complex sentence, predicative unit, component, dispute, hypothyroidism
SEMANTIC-FUNCTIONAL FIELDS OF SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS ACCORDING TO METADESIGNATE FEATURES
The concept of auxiliary words should reflect their development, dynamics, and changes. For this purpose, the characteristics of auxiliary words must be understood as a unity and struggle of opposites. Conjunctional means are used in forming internal relations within sentences and texts. Since the simplest forms of these relations include combination, connection, interaction, and subordination, such auxiliary elements are called conjunctional means.
auxiliary words, development, linguistic change, unity of opposites, contradiction, conjunctional means, sentence relations, text cohesion, syntactic connection, subordination.
THE SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE “HEART” CONCEPT IN POETIC DISCOURSE
. This article is dedicated to the topic “The Specific Features of the Concept of ‘Heart’ in Poetic Discourse,” in which the semantic, cognitive, and linguoculturological aspects of the concept of “heart” in literary texts are analyzed. The concept of the heart is presented within poetic discourse as an important image that expresses a person’s inner experiences, emotions, love, longing, suffering, and psychological states.
: poetic discourse, concept, heart, soul, metaphor, personification, literary text.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ SOCIAL ACTIVITY BASED ON THE HERMENEUTIC APPROACH
This article explores the theoretical and methodological foundations for developing students’ social activity based on the hermeneutic approach. Social activity is interpreted as a multidimensional pedagogical phenomenon reflecting conscious participation in social life, civic engagement, and social responsibility. Within the hermeneutic paradigm, particular emphasis is placed on the processes of understanding, interpretation, and reinterpretation of social experience as determinants of students’ active social positioning. The study highlights the dialogical nature of the educational process and its role in fostering reflective thinking and value-based orientations. The findings demonstrate that the implementation of hermeneutic principles in higher education contributes to the enhancement of students’ social initiative, communicative competence, and civic consciousness.
Hermeneutics, social activity, student personality, interpretation, reflection, civic engagement, pedagogical paradigm.
Artistic Expression and Meaning Construction in Omon Matjon's Poetry
Poetry communicates meaning not only through ideas but also through the artistic use of language. The choice of words, unusual combinations of meanings, and expressive stylistic devices help poets create memorable images and convey emotions more effectively. Omon Matjon is one of the leading figures of modern Uzbek poetry whose works are distinguished by their rich imagery and expressive language. This article examines the role of figurative expressions in Omon Matjon’s poetry. Particular attention is given to oxymoron, hyperbole, and antithesis, which play an important role in the formation of poetic meaning and artistic expression. The study is based on selected poems by the poet and employs descriptive, contextual, and linguopoetic methods of analysis. The findings show that figurative expressions occupy an important place in Omon Matjon’s poetic style. Oxymoronic combinations help convey complex emotional states through unexpected associations. Hyperbole strengthens the emotional intensity of poetic images and expands their expressive potential. Antithesis highlights contrasts between ideas, emotions, and values, making poetic thought more vivid and memorable. Through these devices, the poet creates original images and enriches the semantic structure of his works. The study demonstrates that figurative language is not merely a decorative element in Omon Matjon’s poetry. It serves as an important means of shaping artistic meaning, expressing emotions, and developing the poet’s individual style. The results contribute to a better understanding of the linguopoetic features of contemporary Uzbek poetry.
Omon Matjon, linguopoetics, figurative language, oxymoron, hyperbole, antithesis, Uzbek poetry.
ANTIQUITY CITIES, ARCHITECTURE, AND HANDICRAFT TRADITIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA
This article provides information about ancient socio-economic processes in Central Asia, as well as about ancient crafts. Information is also provided about the first handicraft products in the region.
Ancient crafts, Central Asia, Ancient East, agriculture, Sapallitepa, Bronze, Metallurgy, pottery.
THE ROLE OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL EXCHANGES
This article analyzes the significance of the Great Silk Road in the development of cultural relations between the East and the West. It also examines the spread of science, religion, art, architecture, and cultural values among different peoples through this trade route. Based on scholarly sources, the article reveals the role of the Great Silk Road in the development of world civilization.
Great Silk Road, cultural relations, civilization, trade, Central Asia, cultural heritage, science, religion.
INTEGRATION OF COMMUNICATIVE AND COGNITIVE METHODS IN TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
The article explores the integration of communicative and cognitive methods in teaching Russian as a foreign language. The study examines the theoretical foundations of both approaches and analyzes their practical implementation in language instruction. Particular attention is paid to the development of communicative competence, conscious grammar acquisition, and the formation of cognitive strategies that facilitate language learning. The article argues that combining communicative and cognitive approaches allows educators to overcome the limitations of each method and achieve more effective language acquisition. The importance of cultural competence and reflective practice in the learning process is also discussed.
Russian as a foreign language, communicative method, cognitive method, communicative competence, language acquisition, cultural competence, reflective learning.
LINGUODIDACTIC FOUNDATIONS AND MODERN METHODS OF TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A NON-NATIVE LANGUAGE
The article examines the linguodidactic foundations and contemporary approaches to teaching Russian as a non-native language. Special attention is paid to the evolution of methodological concepts, from traditional grammar-translation methods to communicative and activity-based approaches that dominate modern language education. The study analyzes the role of conditional speech exercises, interactive learning technologies, and oral communication development techniques. The importance of integrating verbal and non-verbal communication into the educational process is also discussed. The findings demonstrate that modern methods of teaching Russian as a non-native language should combine communicative orientation, cognitive development, and cultural awareness in order to ensure the effective formation of students’ communicative competence.
Russian as a non-native language, linguodidactics, communicative approach, language teaching methods, oral communication, speech competence, non-verbal communication.
This article provides a scholarly analysis of frequently used terms in ethnology such as ethnogenesis, ethnogenetic processes, ethnic history, ethnicity, ethnic group, and ethnographic group. The article also reveals the essence of scholarly-theoretical approaches to the formation of peoples — primordialism, constructivism, and instrumentalism — as well as the views put forward by theorists belonging to these schools.
Ethnogenesis, ethnic history, ethnogenetic process, ethnicity, ethnic group, ethnographic group, primordialism, constructivism
DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN NON-PHILOLOGICAL STUDENTS: THE INDISPENSABLE ROLE OF AUTHENTIC MATERIALS
Non-philological students—future engineers, medical professionals, economists, IT specialists, and lawyers—require English not as an object of linguistic study but as a functional tool for professional communication. However, traditional textbook-based instruction, with its sanitised and decontextualised language, consistently fails to prepare these learners for the authentic discourse of their future workplaces. This article argues that authentic materials (unmodified texts, audio, and visual resources from real-world professional contexts) are not a supplementary luxury but a pedagogical necessity. The article demonstrates that authentic materials uniquely develop the four sub-competences of professional communicative competence: linguistic, sociolinguistic, pragmatic, and strategic. Furthermore, authentic materials increase intrinsic motivation, build metacognitive skills for independent learning, and provide exposure to genre-specific formatting, technical vocabulary, and real-language features such as redundancy, hesitation, and ellipsis. The article concludes with actionable recommendations for curriculum designers, classroom practitioners, and policymakers to systematically integrate authentic materials into ESP courses for non-philological students.
Authentic materials, non-philological students, English for Specific Purposes (ESP), professional communicative competence, Galskova, motivation, independent learning, task differentiation, Central Asia, ESP pedagogy
OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION COSTS OF MEAT
The livestock sector constitutes approximately 13 percent of Uzbekistan's GDP and nearly 50 percent of its agricultural GDP, with domestic farms accounting for roughly 90 percent of national meat output. Despite sustained production growth—from 2.70 million tons of meat in live weight in 2022 to 2.90 million tons in 2024—the cost of production has escalated sharply, driven primarily by surging feed prices, land constraints, low mechanization, and fragmented farm structures. This article examines the structure and dynamics of meat production costs in Uzbekistan over the period 2022–2024, identifies the principal drivers of cost increases, and proposes an integrated optimization framework grounded in feed base development, genetic improvement, farm consolidation, mechanization, and digital technologies. Using official statistical data, field survey evidence, and comparative international experience, the study demonstrates that a comprehensive approach could reduce unit production costs by 30–40 percent over a medium-term horizon, with significant implications for food security, inflation, and rural income.
meat production costs; livestock economics; Uzbekistan agriculture; feed optimization; farm efficiency; cost structure; dehkan farms; livestock sector reform
LAW AND MORALITY: THE ISSUE OF THEIR CORRELATION IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY
This article is devoted to the study of the relationship between law and morality as the most important social regulators of modern society. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of moral principles in the law-making and law-enforcement activities of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as to the issues concerning the correlation between legality and justice in contemporary society.
law, morality, justice, legality, rule of law, legal responsibility, ethics, legal consciousness, Uzbekistan
LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE COMPONENT "WATER" IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
This study is devoted to examining the linguocultural features of phraseological units (PUs) with the component "water" in English and Uzbek languages. Despite the active development of linguoculturology and phraseology, the comparative study of water-component PUs in typologically different languages remains underexplored. The paper analyzes the theoretical foundations of the concept of "water" as a natural element in the linguistic worldview, identifies the semantic, figurative, and symbolic features of water-component PUs, and reveals their national-cultural specificity. Based on the analysis of lexicographic sources and corpus data, the study distinguishes several thematic groups: water as a symbol of purity and transparency; water as a symbol of danger, instability, and variability; water as a symbol of life, renewal, and fertility; water as a symbol of an obstacle or difficult situation; and water as a symbol of the superfluous or insignificant. The research demonstrates that in English, water-component PUs more frequently express negative meanings (danger, instability, difficulties), whereas in Uzbek, positive meanings (purity, life, abundance, calmness) predominate. These differences are explained by the geographical environment, cultural traditions, and mythological perceptions of the two linguocultural communities.
phraseological unit, linguoculturology, water component, linguocultural features.
Gulomov Jamshidbek Islomjon ugli Xomidov
MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WOMEN’S SPORTS
The article is devoted to the study of problems in women’s sports. This paper examines the effects of physical exercises on the female body in traditional and “non-traditional” sports. Biological differences between men and women are analyzed, and the necessity of considering these differences when choosing sports specialization and planning differentiated training loads is substantiated.
football, boxing, judo, kurash, cup, women, training, analysis, homeostasis, work capacity, endurance.
HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF KYRGYZSTAN’S ENCLAVES AND THEIR CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS
This article analyzes the history of the formation of enclaves located within the territory of Kyrgyzstan and the contemporary problems associated with them. The study examines the Soviet-era policy of national-territorial delimitation that led to the emergence of these enclaves, as well as border disputes and their present-day consequences. Furthermore, the article explores the impact of enclaves on regional security, economic cooperation, and interstate relations based on scholarly sources.
Kyrgyzstan, enclave, Vorukh, Batken, border conflicts, water resources, delimitation, demarcation, Central Asia, geopolitics, territorial disputes, regional security.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ENGINEERING THINKING AND ACTIVITY
This article examines the historical formation of engineering thinking and activity, as well as considerations regarding its study as a science. Attention is paid to the necessity of combining comprehensive technical and theoretical knowledge in the training of a future engineer. At the same time, it is emphasized that the humanization of technical education is not exempt from relying on teachings that must be formed in an engineer, such as ethics and aesthetics.
engineering, freedom of activity, ethics, aesthetic education, humanities, worldview, technical education, objective, methodology, genetic engineering.
SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES: PHILOSOPHICAL CONTENT AND MODERN PERSPECTIVES
This article examines the philosophical analysis of the concepts of spirituality and morality, their sources of origin, their interrelationship, and their role in contemporary society. In addition, the views of Eastern and Western thinkers on this issue are comparatively analyzed.
Spirituality, morality, philosophy, value, ethical norms, ideal person.
INTERPRETATION OF HISTORICAL FIGURES IN UZBEK DRAMAS
In this article, the artistic interpretation of the image of Navoi was analyzed in historical dramas created in Uzbek drama of the independence period. In particular, the writer Muhammad Ali's "Navai and Bayqaro", dramutrg Sh.Rizaev's image of Navoi in the dramas" Iskandar " was analyzed and scientifically substantiated by analogy with each other.
historical drama, prologue, epilogue, replica, remarca, conflict, fabula, phantasmagoria, plot, climax.
STRENGTHENING INTERCULTURAL AND COMMUNICATIVE ABILITIES IN TRANSLATOR TRAINING
The article discusses the importance of communicative competence in training translators for their careers. The study defines communicative competence as an individual's capacity to interact effectively with others and convey thoughts and needs through both verbal and non-verbal means. Key aspects of translation education — particularly the development of research skills — were examined, given that working in this field demands more than language knowledge; it requires managing cross-cultural communication and conveying information across languages in a clear and accessible way. The article also explores various theoretical perspectives on building communicative competence in future translation professionals. Findings indicate that communicative competence plays a vital role in both the personal growth and professional success of translators, serving as a foundation for effective communication and healthy social relationships.
communicative competence, communicative activity, professional activity, communication, competence.
The Relationship Between Language Learning Anxiety and Academic Performance
Language learning anxiety has emerged as one of the most significant affective factors influencing second and foreign language acquisition. Numerous studies have demonstrated that anxiety can negatively affect learners’ academic achievement, classroom participation, motivation, and overall language performance. As language learning involves communication, social interaction, and cognitive processing, anxious learners often experience difficulties in expressing themselves and processing linguistic information effectively. At the same time, recent research highlights the importance of self-efficacy as a psychological construct capable of mitigating the negative effects of anxiety. This article examines the relationship between language learning anxiety and academic performance from theoretical and empirical perspectives. Drawing upon foundational and contemporary studies in second language acquisition, the paper explores the nature of foreign language anxiety, its impact on learners’ cognitive processes and academic achievement, and the role of self-efficacy in enhancing language learning success. The discussion demonstrates that while anxiety generally impedes language acquisition, learners with higher self-efficacy beliefs are better equipped to cope with academic challenges and achieve positive learning outcomes.
language learning anxiety, academic performance, self-efficacy, foreign language acquisition, motivation, language achievement